Pharmacopeial HPLC identification methods are not sufficient to detect adulterations in commercial bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) extracts. Anthocyanin profile provides additional clues
Abstract
Current pharmacopeias provide HPLC anthocyanin profiles to identify commercial bilberry extracts. However, the pharmacopeial identification protocols may not be sufficient enough to distinguish genuine bilberry extracts from adulterated material. This is primarily due to the non-inclusion of literature-reported anthocyanin profile and compositional variations in bilberry when sourced from different geographical regions. Using anthocyanin profiles of both authentic bilberry extracts and literature reports, we attempted to provide appropriate identification protocol for genuine bilberry extracts. We compared HPLC anthocyanin profiles of selected ‘suspected’ adulterant species and adulterant-spiked bilberry extracts to decipher clues to infer adulteration. The clues include appearance of new anthocyanin peaks and changes in compositional ratios of anthocyanins. In addition, we attempted to provide likely adulterants based on ‘economic motivation’ and market place information and appropriate clues to identify them in adulterated commercial bilberry extracts.
Graphical abstract
Bilberry HPLC profile: appearance of new peaks in a, b, d and ? regions indicates possible adulteration. Region c — refer to discussion.
Abbreviations
- HPLC, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography;
- USP-BE-RS, United States Pharmacopeia Powdered Bilberry Extract Reference Standard;
- NNVM10025-120701,Network Nutrition Fresh Bilberry Fruit Extract;
- BE ≤ $400, Bilberry Extract Market Sample priced ≤ $400;
- CBB1, Chinese Commercial Bilberry Extract Dry Concentrate;
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia;
- BP, British Pharmacopeia;
- LC–ESI-MS, Liquid chromatography–Electrospray Ionization-Mass spectrometry;
- ACY, Anthocyanins
Keywords
- Bilberry;
- Blueberries;
- Adulteration;
- Anthocyanins;
- HPLC;
- Pharmacopeial methods
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