a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, Italy
b Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, CNR IAMC, Via Roma 3, Taranto, Italy
c Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
b Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, CNR IAMC, Via Roma 3, Taranto, Italy
c Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
Abstract
Artemia spp. is an historically popular biological model still requiring an official internationally based standardization. Several endpoints are currently available. Short-term acute endpoints include biomarker (acetylcholinesterase; heat stress proteins; lipid peroxidation; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; thioredoxin reductase; glutathione-peroxidase; glutathione S-transferase; glutathione reductase; aldehyde dehydrogenase; and adenylpyrophosphatase and Fluotox), hatching (dry biomass, morphological disorders and size), behavioral (swimming speed and path length), teratogenicity (growth), and immobilization (meaning mortality after 5-30 s observation). Long-term chronic tests focus on growth, reproduction and survival or mortality after 7-28 d exposure from larval to adulthood stage. We analyzed each test looking at its endpoint, toxicant and experimental design including replicates, exposure time, number of exposed cysts or organisms and their relative life stage, exposure conditions during hatching and testing (salinity, pH, light intensity, aeration dilution media, and food supply), type of testing chambers, and quality assurance and quality control criteria. Similarities and differences between the identified approaches were highlighted. Results evidenced that hatching 24 h short-term and 14 d long-term mortality are the most promising Artemia spp. protocols that should go forward with international standardization. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Author keywords
Artemia; Behavioral endpoints; Biomarker; Hatching; Immobilization/mortality and survival; Toxicity test methods
Indexed keywords
Engineering controlled terms: Biomarkers; Food supply; Peptides; Proteins; Quality assurance; Quality control; Standardization; Testing
Artemia; Behavioral endpoints; Glutathione peroxidase; Glutathione S-transferases; Hatching; International standardization; Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; Toxicity test
Engineering main heading: Toxicity
Species Index: Artemia
