Volume 199, 16 February 2016, Pages 170–177
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via Del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Received 21 September 2015, Revised 24 December 2015, Accepted 26 December 2015, Available online 5 January 2016
Highlights
- •
- Edible flowers provide an opportunity for food innovation based on the ethnobotanical tradition.
- •
- The antioxidant activity of flowers is significantly higher than common leafy vegetables.
- •
- Varieties with red and blue flowers have the greatest antioxidant power due to the highest anthocyanin content.
- •
- A panel test experiment showed a high biodiversity of sensory profiles.
- •
- Some species are likely to be highly popular in a market aimed at taste and health.
Abstract
The
growing need for nutraceutical new foods has generated interest in
edible flowers. This flower trait inspired us to conduct experiments
aimed at evaluating both the antioxidant activity and anthocyanin
content in twelve species commonly used as ornamental plants. The
antioxidant power of the edible flowers was very high compared to common
vegetables and/or fruits. Except for the low values of Borago officinalis (only 0.5 mmol FeSO4 100 g−1 fresh weight; FW), the antioxidant power in the edible flowers ranged from 3.6 for Calendula officinalis to 70.4 for Tagetes erecta.
Part of this high antioxidant activity is often due to their high
anthocyanin content at least in the case of the more pigmented flowers
(red or blue). For example in the red varieties of Viola × wittrockiana, Dianthus × barbatus, Pelargonium peltatum the high anthocyanin content (12.4, 13.3, 12.5 mg cyn-3-glu eq. 100 g−1
FW, respectively) was associated to a high antioxidant activity. Indeed
the best nutraceutical performances (antioxidant and/or anthocyanin
values) were shown by more pigmented flowers. A panel test was also
carried out in order to evaluate the different degree of the flower’s
palatability. This taste evaluation showed a high biodiversity of
sensory profiles showing the greatest appreciation for Trapaeolum majus, Ageratum houstonianum and Viola × wittrockiana.
Finally, the overlap between nutraceuticals and organoleptic aspects
highlighted promising species for a potential market targeting new foods
aimed at satisfying both taste and health.
Keywords
- Antioxidant;
- Anthocyanin;
- Sensory analysis;
- New food;
- Health
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.