Ethnoveterinary alternatives (based on medicinal plants) are necessary for small-scale livestock farmers who cannot use allopathic drugs or for those larger conventional farmers whose economic circumstances prevent the use of veterinary services for minor health problems of livestock. For example the average income of Dutch farmers in 2009 decreased to 5,500 euros per farm; its lowest point in twenty years (Berkhout and van Bruchem, 2010), they need cost-effective anthelmintics and other alternative plant-based medicines in order to provide the organic meat that consumers increasingly want. Even animal health professionals have recognized that veterinary expenditures represent a large part of animal production costs, and therefore their reduction or containment is essential for the maintenance or improvement of a farmer’s income (Chauvin et al., 2002). Another factor in support of ethnoveterinary medicines is that oil reserves (the source material for 20th century science and chemicals such as fenbendazole, albendazole etc.) have been depleted and future products derived from petrochemicals may be less available and ethnoveterinary alternatives could become valued replacements. Campbell (2002) notes that the world is now very close to peak oil and gas production, if we have not already passed it. It took the United States forty years to go from peak discovery to peak production, and twenty seven years for that movement in the North Sea. It is estimated that 60 Gb (billion barrels) of deep sea oil will only provide three years of world supply. Berkhout, P., van Bruchem C. (eds.). Agricultural Economic Report 2010 of the Netherlands. Report 2010-054. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, the Hague. Campbell, Colin. J. 2002. Petroleum and People. Population and Environment 24 (2): 193-207 Chauvin, C., Madec, F., Guittet, M., Sanders, P. Pharmaco-epidemiology and -economics should be developed more extensively in veterinary medicine. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 25, 455–459.