Trypanocidal activity of polysaccharide extract from Genipa americana leaves.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Jan 10;210:311-317. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.042. Epub 2017 Sep 5. Souza RODS1, Sousa PL2, Menezes RRPPB3, Sampaio TL3, Tessarolo LD2, Silva FCO4, Pereira MG4, Martins AMC5. Author information 1 Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Electronic address: racquel_oliveira2@hotmail.com. 2 Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. 3 Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. 4 Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Quixadá, Ceará, Brasil. 5 Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Electronic address: martinsalice@gmail.com. Abstract ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The parts of the Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) tree, also known as "jenipapo" or "jenipapeiro", has been used in traditional Medicine in parasitic and bacterial infections. Thus, the experimental evolution of the antiparasitic activity of polysaccharide extracts from Genipa americana leaves, and correlation with antiparasitic and popular use is important. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effect of polysaccharide extract obtained from Genipa americana leaves on all Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain: benznidazole-resistant) developmental forms, a protozoan that causes Chagas' disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extract rich in polysaccharides was obtained from the leaves of Genipa americana (GaEPL) by associating depigmentation in methanol followed by extraction of polysaccharides in NaOH and precipitation with ethanol. Cytotoxicity to mammalian cells (LLC-MK2) was determined using an MTT assay. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Cell-death mechanism was determined in epimastigote forms by flow cytometry analysis after FITC-annexin V (Ax), 7-AAD, and H2DCFDA staining. Striking morphological changes were observed by scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: GaEPL (6.5% yield; 54.6% total carbohydrate; 21.1% uronic acid and 12% protein), inhibited all T. cruzi developmental forms, epimastigotes after periods of 24h (IC50 = 740 ± 0.075µg/mL), 48h (IC50 = 710 ± 0.053µg/mL) and 72h (IC50 = 870 ± 0.052µg/mL) of incubation; trypomastigotes (IC50 = 470 ± 0.082µg/mL) after periods of 24h and intracellular amastigotes (IC50/2 = 235 or IC50 = 470µg/mL) after periods of 24 and 48h of incubation, with no toxicity on LLC-MK2 cells at the used concentrations. Analysis of the possible action mechanism in the parasites suggested cell death by necrosis with the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed T. cruzi death by necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: GaEPL showed significant activity against the epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi, strain Y, suggesting cell death by necrosis with involvement of reactive oxygen species. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: Genipa americana; Necrosis; Plant polysaccharide; Reactive oxygen species; Trypanosoma cruzi PMID: 28887214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.042