Tomato-based randomized controlled trial in prostate cancer patients: Effect on PSA.

Clin Nutr. 2017 Jun;36(3):672-679. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.014. Epub 2016 Jun 30. Paur I1, Lilleby W2, Bøhn SK3, Hulander E4, Klein W5, Vlatkovic L6, Axcrona K7, Bolstad N8, Bjøro T9, Laake P10, Taskén KA11, Svindland A12, Eri LM13, Brennhovd B14, Carlsen MH15, Fosså SD16, Smeland SS17, Karlsen AS18, Blomhoff R19. Author information 1 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: ingvild.paur@medisin.uio.no. 2 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: WLL@ous-hf.no. 3 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: s.k.bohn@medisin.uio.no. 4 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: erik@hulander.se. 5 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: wilkle@so-hf.no. 6 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: LVLAT@ous-hf.no. 7 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Urology, Akershus University Hospital, 1748 Lørenskog, Norway. Electronic address: axcrona@online.no. 8 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: nilbol@ous-hf.no. 9 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: BJC@ous-hf.no. 10 Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1122, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: petter.laake@medisin.uio.no. 11 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: k.a.tasken@medisin.uio.no. 12 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: aud.svindland@medisin.uio.no. 13 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: lamaer@ous-hf.no. 14 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: BJORB@ous-hf.no. 15 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: m.h.carlsen@medisin.uio.no. 16 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: s.d.fossa@medisin.uio.no. 17 Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: sigbjorn.smeland@medisin.uio.no. 18 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: a.s.karlsen@medisin.uio.no. 19 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: rune.blomhoff@medisin.uio.no. Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effect of lycopene-containing foods in prostate cancer development remains undetermined. We tested whether a lycopene-rich tomato intervention could reduce the levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer patients. METHODS: Prior to their curative treatment, 79 patients with prostate cancer were randomized to a nutritional intervention with either 1) tomato products containing 30 mg lycopene per day; 2) tomato products plus selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, soy isoflavones, grape/pomegranate juice, and green/black tea (tomato-plus); or 3) control diet for 3 weeks. RESULTS: The main analysis, which included patients in all risk categories, did not reveal differences in changes of PSA-values between the intervention and control groups. Post-hoc, exploratory analyses within intermediate risk (n = 41) patients based on tumor classification and Gleason score post-surgery, revealed that median PSA decreased significantly in the tomato group as compared to controls (-2.9% and +6.5% respectively, p = 0.016). In separate post-hoc analyses, we observed that median PSA-values decreased by 1% in patients with the highest increases in plasma lycopene, selenium and C20:5 n-3 fatty acid, compared to an 8.5% increase in the patients with the lowest increase in lycopene, selenium and C20:5 n-3 fatty acid (p = 0.003). Also, PSA decreased in patients with the highest increase in lycopene alone (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Three week nutritional interventions with tomato-products alone or in combination with selenium and n-3 fatty acids lower PSA in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer. Our observation suggests that the effect may depend on both aggressiveness of the disease and the blood levels of lycopene, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00433797. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: Diet; Lycopene; Prostate cancer; Prostate specific antigen; Selenium; Tomato PMID: 27406859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.014 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Free full text http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(16)30147-9/fulltext