twitter

Monday, 30 October 2017

Category anxiety and the invisible white woman: Managing intersectionality at the scene of argument

Barbara Tomlinson First Published October 24, 2017 Research Article Abstract Feminists may overlook the way that our practices of reading and writing serve as discursive technologies of power, particularly if we fail to acknowledge the dominance of the invisible subject position of the (middle-class, heterosexual) white woman. Under such circumstances, specific seemingly neutral rhetorical strategies can serve as potent tools of dominance, infusing the reading situation with strategies of subordination that go unremarked because they are authorised by tradition and convention. I examine here the use of a specific rhetorical device in a specific context, the evocation of a comment by Judith Butler that I call The Case of the Et Cetera, as it appears in six critiques of intersectionality by European scholars and one by a North American scholar relying on the European narrative. I argue that Butler’s comment is used to deploy a pattern of rhetoric that I call managing intersectionality. This move depoliticises intersectionality by making it the property of a white managerial subject position that is treated as racially unmarked. My target is the metadiscursive regime that authorises this uninterrogated reinscription of racialised hierarchy in feminist academic argument. References Ahmed, Sara (2004) The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Ahmed, Sara (2012) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar Alcoff, Linda Martín (2007) ‘Fraser on Redistribution, Recognition, and Identity’. European Journal of Political Theory, 6(3): 255–265. Google Scholar Alexander-Floyd, Nikol (2012) ‘Disappearing Acts: Reclaiming. Intersectionality in the Social Sciences in a Post-Black Feminist Era’. Feminist Formations, 24(1): 1–25. Google Scholar Barkley-Brown, Elsa (1992) ‘What Has Happened Here? The Politics of Difference in Women’s History and Feminist Politics’. Feminist Studies, 18: 295–312. Google Scholar Barskanmaz, Cengiz (2010) ‘Intersectionality as a Fetish’. Paper presented at the 4th Annual Critical Race Studies Symposium. Los Angeles, USA, 13 March 2017. Google Scholar Bauman, Richard and Charles L. Briggs (2003) Voices of Modernity: Language Ideologies and the Politics of Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Bilge, Sirma (2013) ‘Intersectionality Undone: Saving Intersectionality from Feminist Intersectionality Studies’. Du Bois Review, 10(2): 405–424. Google Scholar Bilge, Sirma (2014) ‘Whitening Intersectionality: Evanescence of Race in Intersectionality Scholarship’. In: Wulf D. Hund and Alana Lentin (eds) Racism and Sociology. London: LIT Verlag, pp. 175–205. Google Scholar Bowleg, Lisa (2008) ‘When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research’. Sex Roles, 59: 312–325. Google Scholar Bowleg, Lisa (2012) ‘The Problem with the Phrase Women and Minorities: Intersectionality—an Important Theoretical Framework for Public Health’. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7): 1267–1273. Google Scholar Butler, Judith (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Butler, Judith (1993) Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Butler, Judith (1995) ‘Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism”. In: Seyla Benhabib, Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell and Nancy Fraser, Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New York: Routledge, pp. 35–57. Google Scholar Butler, Judith, Stanley Aronowitz, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe et al. (1992) ‘Discussion’. October, 61: 108–120. Google Scholar Carbin, Maria and Sara Edenheim (2013) ‘The Intersectional Turn in Feminist Theory: A Dream of a Common Language?’. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 20(3): 233–248. Google Scholar Collins, Patricia Hill (1990) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Collins, Patricia Hill and Sirma Bilge (2016) Intersectionality. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Google Scholar Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1991) ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity, and Violence against Women of Colour’. Stanford Law Review, 43: 1241–1299. Google Scholar Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2011) ‘Postscript’. In: Helma Lutz, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar and Linda Supik (eds) Framing lntersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 221–234. Google Scholar Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams (1989) ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 14: 139–167. Google Scholar Davis, Kathy (2008) ‘Intersectionality as Buzzword: A Sociology of Science Perspective on What Makes a Feminist Theory Successful’. Feminist Theory, 9(1): 67–85. Google Scholar Dill, Bonnie Thornton (1988) ‘Our Mothers’ Grief: Racial Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families’. Journal of Family History, 13(4): 415–431. Google Scholar Dill, Bonnie Thornton (1994) Across the Boundaries of Race & Class: An Exploration of Work & Family Among Black Female Domestic Servants. New York: Garland. Google Scholar Erel, Umut, Jin Haritaworn, Encarnación Gutiérrez Rodríguez and Christian Klesse (2011) ‘On the Depoliticisation of lntersectionality Talk: Conceptualising Multiple Oppressions in Critical Sexuality Studies’. In: Yvette Taylor, Sally Hines and Mark E. Casey (eds) Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 56–81. Google Scholar Flax, Jane (1991) ‘The End of Innocence’. In: Jane Flax, Disputed Subjects: Essays on Psychoanalysis, Politics and Philosophy. New York: Routledge, pp. 131–147. Google Scholar Fraser, Nancy (1997) Justice Interruptus. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Glenn, Evelyn Nakano (1985) ‘Racial Ethnic Women’s Labor: The Intersection of Race, Gender and Class Oppression’. Review of Radical Political Economics, 17(3): 86–108. Google Scholar Glenn, Evelyn Nakano (2002) Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar Gressgård, Randi (2008) ‘Mind the Gap: Intersectionality, Complexity and “the Event”’. Theory & Science, 10(1). Available at http://theoryandscience.icaap.org/content/vol10.1/Gressgard.html. Google Scholar Hall, Stuart (1986) ‘Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity’. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2): 5–27. Google Scholar Hall, Stuart (1996) ‘Introduction: Who Needs Identity’. In: Stuart Hall and Paul du Guy (eds) Questions of Cultural Identity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 1–17. Google Scholar Hancock, Ange-Marie (2013) ‘Empirical Intersectionality: A Tale of Two Approaches’. UC Irvine Law Review, 3: 259–296. Google Scholar Hancock, Ange Marie (2016) Intersectionality: An Intellectual History. New York: Oxford. Google Scholar Haraway, Donna (1991) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Harnois, Catherine E. (2013) Feminist Measures in Survey Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar Hemmings, Clare (2011) Why Stories Matter: The Political Grammar of Feminist Theory. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar Kapur, Ratna (2001) ‘Imperial Parody’. Feminist Theory, 2(1): 79–88. Google Scholar Knapp, Axeli (1999) ‘Fragile Foundations, Strong Traditions, Situated Questioning: Critical Theory in German-Speaking Feminism’. In: Maggie O’Neill (ed.) Adorno, Culture, and Feminism. London: Sage, pp. 119–140. Google Scholar Knapp, Gudrun-Axeli (2005) ‘Race, Class, Gender: Reclaiming Baggage in Fast Travelling Theories’. European Journal of Women's Studies, 12(3): 249–265. Google Scholar Lewis, Gail (2009) ‘Celebrating Intersectionality? Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies: Themes from a Conference’. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 16: 203–210. Google Scholar Lewis, Gail (2013) ‘Unsafe Travel: Experiencing Intersectionality and Feminist Displacements’. Signs, 38(4): 869–892. Google Scholar Lloyd, Moya (2005) Beyond Identity Politics: Feminism, Power and Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar Lowe, Lisa (1991) ‘Heterogeneity, Hybridity, Multiplicity: Marking Asian American Differences’. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1): 24–44. Google Scholar Lowe, Lisa (1996) Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar Ludvig, Alice (2006) ‘Differences Between Women? Intersecting Voices in a Female Narrative’. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13: 245–258. Google Scholar Lutz, Helma, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar and Linda Supik (eds) (2011) Framing lntersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies. Farnham: Ashgate. Google Scholar Lykke, Nina (2010) Feminist Studies: A Guide to Intersectional Theory, Methodology and Writing. London: Routledge. Google Scholar Lykke, Nina (2011) ‘Intersectional Analysis: Black Box or Useful Critical Feminist Thinking Technology?’. In: Helma Lutz, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar and Linda Supik (eds) Framing lntersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 207–220. Google Scholar May, Vivian M. (2012) Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar May, Vivian M. (2014) ‘“Speaking into the Void”? Intersectionality Critiques and Epistemic Backlash’. Hypatia, 29(1): 94–112. Google Scholar May, Vivian M. (2015) Pursuing Intersectionality: Unsettling Dominant Imaginaries. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Mignolo, Walter D. (2011) The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar Mirón, Louis F. and Jonathan Xavier Inda (2000) ‘Race as a Kind of Speech Act’. Cultural Studies: A Research Annual, 5: 85–101. Google Scholar Nayak, Suryia (2015) Race, Gender and the Activism of Black Feminist Theory: Working with Audre Lorde. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar Nussbaum, Martha (1999) ‘The Professor of Parody’. The New Republic, 22: 37–45. Google Scholar Petzen, Jennifer (2012) ‘Queer Trouble: Centring Race in Queer and Feminist Politics’. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33(3): 289–302. Google Scholar Pfeifle, Jason (2012) ‘Rethinking Race, Recognition, and the Politics of Education after Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble’. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. Google Scholar Prins, Baukje (2006) ‘Narrative Accounts of Origins: A Blind Spot in the Intersectional Approach?’. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3): 277–290. Google Scholar Rodríguez, Juana María (2003) Queer Latinidad: Identity Practices, Discursive Spaces. New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar Sandoval, Chela (1991) ‘US Third World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern World’. Genders, 10: 1–24. Google Scholar Sandoval, Chela (2000) Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar Shields, Stephanie A. (2008) ‘Gender: An Intersectionality Perspective’. Sex Roles, 59: 301–311. Google Scholar Tomlinson, Barbara (2010) Feminism and Affect at the Scene of Argument: Beyond the Trope of the Angry Feminist. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Google Scholar Tomlinson, Barbara (2013a) ‘Colonizing Intersectionality: Replicating Racial Hierarchy in Feminist Academic Argument’. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 19(2): 254–272. Google Scholar Tomlinson, Barbara (2013b) ‘To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument’. Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4): 993–1017. Google Scholar Yuval-Davis, Nira (2006a) ‘Belonging and the Politics of Belonging’. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3): 197–214. Google Scholar Yuval-Davis, Nira (2006b) ‘Intersectionality and Feminist Politics’. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13(3): 193–209. Google Scholar Yuval-Davis, Nira (2011) ‘Beyond the Recognition and Re-distribution Dichotomy: Intersectionality and Stratification’. In: Helma Lutz, Maria Teresa Herrera Vivar and Linda Supik (eds) Framing lntersectionality: Debates on a Multi-Faceted Concept in Gender Studies. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 155–170. Google Scholar