Volume 768, October 2014, Pages 60–68
Cancer Risks and Perspectives: Molecular Mechanisms
Review
Diabetes as a risk factor to cancer: Functional role of fermented papaya preparation as phytonutraceutical adjunct in the treatment of diabetes and cancer
Highlights
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- Cancer incidence and mortality is linked to hyperglycemia and some anti-diabetes drugs.
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- FPP is a safe nutraceutical adjunct for augmenting therapeutic regimens in diabetes and cancer management.
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- FPP through its hypoglycemic and antioxidant sensing may impact and mitigate the side effects of anticancer drugs.
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- FPP can diminish the intensity of side effects associated with acute radiation therapy.
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- FPP can maintain the integrity of erythrocyte during cancer chemotherapy augmenting compliance of treatment.
Abstract
Oncologists
and diabetologists quote scientific data from epidemiological and in
vitro studies to show that high levels of insulin and glucose, in
combination with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, can heighten
the risk of developing cancer amongst patients with diabetes. Although
the cancers that have been consistently associated with type 2 diabetes
include pancreatic, colorectal, breast and liver cancer, the
preponderance of the disease risk factors such as obesity, inflammation,
hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinaemia (as a result of insulin resistance and
oxidative β-cell damage) and the indirect influence of anti-diabetic
medications are increasingly being defined. Fermented papaya preparation
(FPP) has defined antioxidant and immune-modulating potentials. The
ability of FPP influence signaling cascades associated with cell growth
and survival presents a rational for chemopreventive adjunct that can be
used in combination with traditional redox based therapies that target
oxidative stress in the cancer micro environment. It is further
suggested that the demonstrated efficacy FPP to control blood glucose,
excessive inflammation and modulate free radical-induced oxidative
damage which are triggers of liver, bladder, breast and prostate cancers
in type 2 diabetics, may favorably mitigate the side effects of ensuing
diabetes and cancer therapy. What remains paramount is early cancer
detection and early determination of propensity risks for diabetes. The
education of patients, proper dietary management and compliance with
therapeutic regime directed at cancer and diabetes encapsulate
challenges of global magnitude.
Keywords
- Fermented papaya preparation;
- Diabetes and cancer treatment;
- Oxidative stress and antioxidants;
- Hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia;
- Oxidative stress and inflammation;
- Modulation cancer therapy side effects
Abbreviations
- T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus;
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor;
- IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3;
- PI3K, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase;
- AKT, protein kinase B;
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase;
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization;
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha;
- IL, interleukin;
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma;
- FPP, fermented papaya preparation;
- ROS, reactive oxygen species;
- As2O3, arsenic trioxide;
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells;
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase;
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide;
- MC-PROXYL, 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl;
- Fe-NTA, ferric nitrilotriacetate complex;
- HCV, hepatitis C virus;
- PC12, pheochromocytoma;
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride;
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase;
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase;
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma;
- AMPK, adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase;
- NO, nitric oxide
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
