Volume 215, 15 January 2017, Pages 274–283
Highlights
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- Raspberry digested metabolites protect neurons and microglia towards H2O2 and LPS insults.
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- Neuroprotection is independent of intracellular ROS scavenging.
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- Microglial M1 activation by LPS is attenuated by raspberry metabolites.
Abstract
Neuroinflammation
is an integral part of the neurodegeneration process inherent to
several aging dysfunctions. Within the central nervous system, microglia
are the effective immune cells, responsible for neuroinflammatory
responses. In this study, raspberries were subjected to in vitro
digestion simulation to obtain the components that result from the
gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, which would be bioaccessible and
available for blood uptake. Both the original raspberry extract and the
gastrointestinal bioaccessible (GIB) fraction protected neuronal and
microglia cells against H2O2-induced oxidative
stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, at low
concentrations. Furthermore, this neuroprotective capacity was
independent of intracellular ROS scavenging mechanisms. We show for the
first time that raspberry metabolites present in the GIB fraction
significantly inhibited microglial pro-inflammatory activation by LPS,
through the inhibition of Iba1 expression, TNF-α release and NO
production. Altogether, this study reveals that raspberry polyphenols
may present a dietary route to the retardation or amelioration of
neurodegenerative-related dysfunctions.
Graphical abstract
Keywords
- Polyphenols;
- Raspberry;
- Bioaccessibility;
- Oxidative stress;
- Neuroprotective mechanisms;
- Neuroinflammation
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
