In-vitro antibacterial effect of Ocimum gratissimum on Broiler gut microflora
Abstract
Ocimum gratissimum Linn is a medicine herb that is
used in tropical world particularly in Asia, Africa and South America.
Because of the restrictions in the use of antibiotics in animal health,
alternative drugs are being considered. This study was designed to
assess the antibiotic activity of O. gratissimum for the control of gut
microorganisms. Proximate and phytochemical analysis of the herb was
carried. To 100 day old chicks, aqueous extract of the herb was
administered to a set of 50 chicks (Ocimum treatment) but was not given
to the second set (control). Antibiotic sensitivity testing of gut
microbes (Salmonella and E. coli) isolated from the chicks was tested
using 0.11 g/l dried O. gratissimum extract. In the control , the zone
of inhibition (ZOI) of Salmonella was 13.2, 11.8 and 14.8mm at the crop,
ileum and caecum respectively whereas in the Ocimum treatment, the ZOI
were significantly higher (P<0.05) being 15.0, 15.6 and 15.6 mm
respectively. The pattern of sensitivity of Salmonella and E.coli was
similar. The zone of inhibition was significantly wider in the chicks
administered with Ocimum gratissimum extract compared to the
control. Antibiotic activity of the herb may be due to the presence of
phytochemicals particularly sapronins, alkaloids, flavonoids and
tannins. We conclude by recommending the use of the plant for the
control of pathogenic microbes of broilers.
Keywords
Escherichia coli; Ethnoveterinary medicine; Lactobacillus; poultry infections; Salmonella; veterinary microbiology
Full Text:
PDFReferences
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Mbata T, Saikia A. Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Ocimium gratissimum on Listeria monocytogenes. Internal Journal of Food Safety, 2007; 5(7): 15 – 19.
Mabekoje OO, Bello OO, Egberongbe HO. Antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimium gratissimum and Vernonia amygdlina on gastrointestinal bacteria. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2003; 7(2): 2341 – 2345.
Idris S, Iyaka YA, Ndamitso MM, Paiko YB. Nutritional compostion of the leaves and stems of Ocimium gratissimum. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(5): 801 – 805.
Prabhu KS, Lobo R, Shirwaik AA, Shirwaikar A. Ocimum gratissimum: a review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal, 2009; 1: 1 – 15.
Nweze EI, Eze EE. Justification for the use of Ocimium gratissimum L. in herbal medicine and its interaction with disc antibiotics, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2009; 9:37; doi:10.1186/1472-6882-9-37.
Ladipo MK, Doherty VF, Kanife UC. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial investigation of the extract of Ocimium gratissimum (scent leaf) on selected Enterobacteriaceae. Publication, Agriculture and Technology, 2010; 6(2): 75 – 84.
Mann A. Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial and grain protectant activities of clove basil (Ocimium gratissimum L.) grown in Nigeria. International Journal of Plant Research. 2012; 2(1): 51 – 58.
Verma RS, Bisht PS, Padalia RC, Saikia D, Chauhan A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from two Ocimum spp grown in sub-tropical India during spring-summer cropping season. Journal of Traditional Medicines, 2011; 6(5): 211 – 217.
Emeka NG, Chimaobi A. Chemical composition and variability among some ocimum gratissimum accessions. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, 2012; 2(3): 460 – 467.
Fagbohun ED, Lawal OU, Ore ME. The proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of the leave of Ocimium gratissimum L., Melanthera scandens A. and Leea guineensis L. and their medicinal value. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2012; 3(1): 5 – 21.
Efiong EE. Phytochemical, proximate, vitamins and mineral composition of Ocimium gratissimum leaves. Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 1(4): 1 – 5.
Mlitan AM, Sasi MS, Alkherraz AM. Proximate and minor mineral content in some selected basil leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L, in Libya. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2014; 5(6): 502 – 505.
Adewole E. Proximate and phytochemical constituents of Ocimium gratissimum. Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 1(1): 1 – 3.
Benitez NP, Leon EMM, Stashenko EE. Eugenol and methyl eugenol chemotypes of essential oil of species Ocimium gratissimum L. and Ocimium campechianum mill. From Colombia. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 2009; 47: 800 – 803.
Sastry KP, Kumar RR, Kumar AN, Sneha G, Elizabeth M. Morpho-chemical description and antimicrobial activity of different Ocimum species. J. Plant Devlop., 2012; 19: 53 – 64.
Aluko BT, Oloyede OI, Afolayan AJ. Phytochemical and nutrient compostions of the leaves of Ocimum canus Sims. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012; 11(63): 12697 – 12701.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R. T. S. Effect of enzyme supplemented diet on gut microflora, digesta pH and performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Food Science. 2013; 3 (2): 127 – 131.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R. T. S. Enzyme Supplemented Poultry Diets: Benefits So Far – A Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology. 2014; 3 (5): 31-39.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R.T. S. The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora; a review. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012; 4(2): 135-143.
Adeniji AA, Duwa H, Ehidiamen VE. Performance of juvenile quails fed rumen content meal with or without probiotics enzymes supplementation to replace froundnut cake (GNC). Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, 2014; 3(4): 111 – 115.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S. Ibrahim, S. 2007. Performance assessment of broiler chickens given mushroom extract alone or in combination with probiotics. Poultry Science, 86: 1856 – 1860.
Willis, W.L., Goktepe, I., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Reed, M., King, K., Murray, C. The effect of mushroom and pokeweed extract on salmonella, egg production and weight loss in molting hens. Poult. Sci., 2008; 87, 2451 – 2457.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Aleen, J.W., Bayers, A., King, K., Thomas, C. Utilizing fungus myceliated grain for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci., 2009; 88: 2026 – 2032.
Willis, W.L., King, K., Isikhuemhen, O.S. Ibrahim, S. Administration of mushroom extract to broiler chickens for bifidobacteria enhancement and salmonella reduction. J. appl. Poult. Res., 2009; 18, 658 – 664.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Minor, R.C., Hurley, S., Ohimain, E.I. Comparing the feeding of fungus Myceliated grain with other anticoccodial control measures on oocyst excretion of Eimeria challenged boiler. International Journal of Poultry Science 2010; 9 (7), 648 – 651.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Ibrahim, S., King, K., Minor, R., Ohimain, E.I. Effect of dietary fungus myceliated gain on broiler performance and entric colonization with Bifodobacteria and salmonella. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2010; 9: 48 – 52.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Hurley, S., Ohimain, E.I. Effect of phase feeding of fungus Myceliated grain on oocyst excretion and performance of boiler chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science 2011; 10(1), 1 – 3.
Hines, V., Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Ibrahim, S.L., Anike, F., Jackson, J., Hurley, S.L. and Ohimain, E.I. Effect of incubation time and level of fungus myceliated grain supplemented diet on the growth and health of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2013; 12(4): 206 – 211.
Maroyi A. Use of traditional veterinary medicine in Nhema communal area of the midlands province, Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2012; 9(3): 315 – 322.
Bhardwaj AK, Lone PA, Dar MM, Parray JA, Shan KW. Ethnoveterinary medicinal uses of plants of district Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir, India. International Journal of Traditional and Natural Medicines, 2013; 2(3): 164 – 178.
Kubkomawa HI, Nafarnda DW, Adamu SM, Tizhe MA, Daniel TK, Shua NJ, Ugwu CC, Opara MN, Neils JS, Okoli IC. Ethno-veterinary health management practices amongst livestock producers in Africa-A review. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013; 1(8): 252 – 257.
Yirga G, Teferi M, Gidey G, Zerabruk S. An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science, 2012; 6(3): 113 – 119.
Matekaire T, Bwakura TM. Ethnoveterinary medicine: a potential alternative to orthodox animal health delivery in Zimbabwe. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2004; 2(4): 269 – 273.
Oyeku OB, Awojobi HA, Eniolorunda OO. Ethno veterinary medicine among small ruminants’ farmers in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun state, Nigeria. International Researcher, 2014;3(1): 57 – 59.
Njoroge GN, Bussmann RW, Herbal usage and informant consensus in ethnoveterinary management of cattle diseases among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2006; 108: 332-339
Moreki JC, Poroga B, Dikeme R, Seabo D. Ethnoveterinary medicine and health management in poultry in southern and western districts, Botswana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2010; 22(22).
Shicai S, Andreas W, Vernooy R. The importance of ethnoveterinary treatments for pig illness in poor, ethnic minority communities: a case study of Nu people in Yunnan, China. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2010; 8(1): 53 – 59.
Belewu MA, Olatunde OA, Giwa TA. Underutilized medicinal plants and spices: chemical composition and phytochemical properties. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2009; 3(12): 1099 – 1103.
Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). Analytical food analysis. British England. 1977: 332 pp.
Olayemi, F.F., Raji, A.O. and Adedayo, M.R. Microbiological quality of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked with Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) developed smoking kiln. International Research Journal of Microbiology, 2012; 3(13): 426-430.
Kigigha L.T. and Atuzie M.N. Assessment of traditional medicinal application of Alchornea cordifolia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012; 11(8): 2083 – 2086.
Abdurahman FI, Tijjani MA, Osuji UO. Proximate content and chemical composition of Ocimum viridis leaf and Ocimium gratissimum leaf. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 3(4): 153 – 156.
Bankole HA, Anjorin AA, Kazeem MI, Ogbeche ME, Agbafor U. Antibacterial activity of Ocimium gratissimum and Gongronrma latifolium on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Ast African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2(1); 114 – 128.
Adebolu T.T, Oladimeji SA. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Ocimium gratissimum on selected diarrhea causing bacteria in southwestern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2005; 4(7): 682 – 684.
Olamide SO, Agu GC. The assessment of the antimicrobial activities of Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on some enteric pathogen causing dysentery or diarrhea in patients. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2013; 2(9): 83 – 96.
Matasyoh LG, Matasyoh JC, Wachira FN, Kinyua MG, Muigai AWT, Mukiama TK. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Ocimium gratissimum L. growing in Eastern Kenya. African Journal of Botany, 2013;1(4): 050 – 054.
Nakamura CV, Ueda-Nakamura T, Bando E, Melo AFN, Cortez DAG, Filho BPD. Antibacterial activity of Ocimium gratissimum L. essential oil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 1999; 94(5): 675 – 678.
Nwinyi OC, Chinedu NS, Ajani OO, Ikpo CO, Ogunniran KO. Antibacterial effects of extracts of Ocimium gratissimum and Piper guineense on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. African Jurnal of Food Science, 2009; 3(1): 22 – 25.
Mbata T, Saikia A. Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Ocimium gratissimum on Listeria monocytogenes. Internal Journal of Food Safety, 2007; 5(7): 15 – 19.
Mabekoje OO, Bello OO, Egberongbe HO. Antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimium gratissimum and Vernonia amygdlina on gastrointestinal bacteria. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2003; 7(2): 2341 – 2345.
Idris S, Iyaka YA, Ndamitso MM, Paiko YB. Nutritional compostion of the leaves and stems of Ocimium gratissimum. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(5): 801 – 805.
Prabhu KS, Lobo R, Shirwaik AA, Shirwaikar A. Ocimum gratissimum: a review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal, 2009; 1: 1 – 15.
Nweze EI, Eze EE. Justification for the use of Ocimium gratissimum L. in herbal medicine and its interaction with disc antibiotics, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2009; 9:37; doi:10.1186/1472-6882-9-37.
Ladipo MK, Doherty VF, Kanife UC. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial investigation of the extract of Ocimium gratissimum (scent leaf) on selected Enterobacteriaceae. Publication, Agriculture and Technology, 2010; 6(2): 75 – 84.
Mann A. Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial and grain protectant activities of clove basil (Ocimium gratissimum L.) grown in Nigeria. International Journal of Plant Research. 2012; 2(1): 51 – 58.
Verma RS, Bisht PS, Padalia RC, Saikia D, Chauhan A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from two Ocimum spp grown in sub-tropical India during spring-summer cropping season. Journal of Traditional Medicines, 2011; 6(5): 211 – 217.
Emeka NG, Chimaobi A. Chemical composition and variability among some ocimum gratissimum accessions. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, 2012; 2(3): 460 – 467.
Fagbohun ED, Lawal OU, Ore ME. The proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of the leave of Ocimium gratissimum L., Melanthera scandens A. and Leea guineensis L. and their medicinal value. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2012; 3(1): 5 – 21.
Efiong EE. Phytochemical, proximate, vitamins and mineral composition of Ocimium gratissimum leaves. Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 1(4): 1 – 5.
Mlitan AM, Sasi MS, Alkherraz AM. Proximate and minor mineral content in some selected basil leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L, in Libya. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2014; 5(6): 502 – 505.
Adewole E. Proximate and phytochemical constituents of Ocimium gratissimum. Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, 2014; 1(1): 1 – 3.
Benitez NP, Leon EMM, Stashenko EE. Eugenol and methyl eugenol chemotypes of essential oil of species Ocimium gratissimum L. and Ocimium campechianum mill. From Colombia. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 2009; 47: 800 – 803.
Sastry KP, Kumar RR, Kumar AN, Sneha G, Elizabeth M. Morpho-chemical description and antimicrobial activity of different Ocimum species. J. Plant Devlop., 2012; 19: 53 – 64.
Aluko BT, Oloyede OI, Afolayan AJ. Phytochemical and nutrient compostions of the leaves of Ocimum canus Sims. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012; 11(63): 12697 – 12701.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R. T. S. Effect of enzyme supplemented diet on gut microflora, digesta pH and performance of broiler chickens. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Food Science. 2013; 3 (2): 127 – 131.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R. T. S. Enzyme Supplemented Poultry Diets: Benefits So Far – A Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology. 2014; 3 (5): 31-39.
Ohimain, E. I. and Ofongo, R.T. S. The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora; a review. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012; 4(2): 135-143.
Adeniji AA, Duwa H, Ehidiamen VE. Performance of juvenile quails fed rumen content meal with or without probiotics enzymes supplementation to replace froundnut cake (GNC). Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, 2014; 3(4): 111 – 115.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S. Ibrahim, S. 2007. Performance assessment of broiler chickens given mushroom extract alone or in combination with probiotics. Poultry Science, 86: 1856 – 1860.
Willis, W.L., Goktepe, I., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Reed, M., King, K., Murray, C. The effect of mushroom and pokeweed extract on salmonella, egg production and weight loss in molting hens. Poult. Sci., 2008; 87, 2451 – 2457.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Aleen, J.W., Bayers, A., King, K., Thomas, C. Utilizing fungus myceliated grain for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci., 2009; 88: 2026 – 2032.
Willis, W.L., King, K., Isikhuemhen, O.S. Ibrahim, S. Administration of mushroom extract to broiler chickens for bifidobacteria enhancement and salmonella reduction. J. appl. Poult. Res., 2009; 18, 658 – 664.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Minor, R.C., Hurley, S., Ohimain, E.I. Comparing the feeding of fungus Myceliated grain with other anticoccodial control measures on oocyst excretion of Eimeria challenged boiler. International Journal of Poultry Science 2010; 9 (7), 648 – 651.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Ibrahim, S., King, K., Minor, R., Ohimain, E.I. Effect of dietary fungus myceliated gain on broiler performance and entric colonization with Bifodobacteria and salmonella. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2010; 9: 48 – 52.
Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Hurley, S., Ohimain, E.I. Effect of phase feeding of fungus Myceliated grain on oocyst excretion and performance of boiler chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science 2011; 10(1), 1 – 3.
Hines, V., Willis, W.L., Isikhuemhen, O.S., Ibrahim, S.L., Anike, F., Jackson, J., Hurley, S.L. and Ohimain, E.I. Effect of incubation time and level of fungus myceliated grain supplemented diet on the growth and health of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2013; 12(4): 206 – 211.
Maroyi A. Use of traditional veterinary medicine in Nhema communal area of the midlands province, Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2012; 9(3): 315 – 322.
Bhardwaj AK, Lone PA, Dar MM, Parray JA, Shan KW. Ethnoveterinary medicinal uses of plants of district Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir, India. International Journal of Traditional and Natural Medicines, 2013; 2(3): 164 – 178.
Kubkomawa HI, Nafarnda DW, Adamu SM, Tizhe MA, Daniel TK, Shua NJ, Ugwu CC, Opara MN, Neils JS, Okoli IC. Ethno-veterinary health management practices amongst livestock producers in Africa-A review. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013; 1(8): 252 – 257.
Yirga G, Teferi M, Gidey G, Zerabruk S. An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science, 2012; 6(3): 113 – 119.
Matekaire T, Bwakura TM. Ethnoveterinary medicine: a potential alternative to orthodox animal health delivery in Zimbabwe. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2004; 2(4): 269 – 273.
Oyeku OB, Awojobi HA, Eniolorunda OO. Ethno veterinary medicine among small ruminants’ farmers in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun state, Nigeria. International Researcher, 2014;3(1): 57 – 59.
Njoroge GN, Bussmann RW, Herbal usage and informant consensus in ethnoveterinary management of cattle diseases among the Kikuyus (Central Kenya). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2006; 108: 332-339
Moreki JC, Poroga B, Dikeme R, Seabo D. Ethnoveterinary medicine and health management in poultry in southern and western districts, Botswana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2010; 22(22).
Shicai S, Andreas W, Vernooy R. The importance of ethnoveterinary treatments for pig illness in poor, ethnic minority communities: a case study of Nu people in Yunnan, China. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2010; 8(1): 53 – 59.
Belewu MA, Olatunde OA, Giwa TA. Underutilized medicinal plants and spices: chemical composition and phytochemical properties. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2009; 3(12): 1099 – 1103.
Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). Analytical food analysis. British England. 1977: 332 pp.
Olayemi, F.F., Raji, A.O. and Adedayo, M.R. Microbiological quality of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked with Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) developed smoking kiln. International Research Journal of Microbiology, 2012; 3(13): 426-430.
Kigigha L.T. and Atuzie M.N. Assessment of traditional medicinal application of Alchornea cordifolia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012; 11(8): 2083 – 2086.
Abdurahman FI, Tijjani MA, Osuji UO. Proximate content and chemical composition of Ocimum viridis leaf and Ocimium gratissimum leaf. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2012; 3(4): 153 – 156.
Bankole HA, Anjorin AA, Kazeem MI, Ogbeche ME, Agbafor U. Antibacterial activity of Ocimium gratissimum and Gongronrma latifolium on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Ast African Journal of Science and Technology, 2012; 2(1); 114 – 128.
Adebolu T.T, Oladimeji SA. Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Ocimium gratissimum on selected diarrhea causing bacteria in southwestern Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2005; 4(7): 682 – 684.
Olamide SO, Agu GC. The assessment of the antimicrobial activities of Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on some enteric pathogen causing dysentery or diarrhea in patients. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2013; 2(9): 83 – 96.
Matasyoh LG, Matasyoh JC, Wachira FN, Kinyua MG, Muigai AWT, Mukiama TK. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Ocimium gratissimum L. growing in Eastern Kenya. African Journal of Botany, 2013;1(4): 050 – 054.
Nakamura CV, Ueda-Nakamura T, Bando E, Melo AFN, Cortez DAG, Filho BPD. Antibacterial activity of Ocimium gratissimum L. essential oil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 1999; 94(5): 675 – 678.
Nwinyi OC, Chinedu NS, Ajani OO, Ikpo CO, Ogunniran KO. Antibacterial effects of extracts of Ocimium gratissimum and Piper guineense on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. African Jurnal of Food Science, 2009; 3(1): 22 – 25.
