Volume 154, Issue 3, 3 July 2014, Pages 790–797
Chemical composition, potential toxicity, and quality control procedures of the crude drug of Cyrtopodium macrobulbon ☆
- a Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- b Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- c Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Received 4 March 2014, Revised 5 May 2014, Accepted 5 May 2014, Available online 10 May 2014
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cyrtopodium macrobulbon
(“cañaveral”) has been long used in Mexican traditional medicine for
the treatment of painful urinary ailments (“mal de orin”) in men. This
study was conducted (i) to establish the potential acute toxicity and the antinociceptive activity of some preparations of Cyrtopodium macrobulbon, in order to demonstrate its preclinical efficacy for treating symptoms of “mal de orin”; and (ii) to determine the chemical composition and quality control parameters of this medicinal orchid.
Materials and methods
The
antinociceptive effect was assessed using the acetic acid-induced
writhing and the hot-plate tests. Investigation of the acute toxicity
was accomplished by the Lorke method. The organic extract (OE) was
subjected to conventional phytochemical study using chromatographic
conventional procedures. The volatile components profile of the species
was accomplished via GC–MS analysis of HS-SPME-adsorbed compounds.
Furthermore, an HPLC method to quantify ephemeranthol B (10)
was developed and validated according to the International Conference
on Harmonization Guidelines. Microscopic anatomy studies were performed
using light and scanning electron microscopies. Finally, a potential
distribution map was generated using the MaxEnt modeling method.
Results
AE and OE were not toxic to mice since the LD50
was higher than 5000 mg/kg. OE was only active in the acetic
acid-induced writhing assay at the doses of 100 and 316 mg/kg.
Conventional phytochemical analysis of OE led to the isolation and
characterization of n-hexacosyl-trans-p-coumarate (1), n-octacosyl-trans-p-coumarate (2), n-triacontyl-trans-p-coumarate (3), 4-methoxy-benzyl alcohol (4), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), 1,5,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,6-diol (6), confusarin (7), gigantol (8), batatasin III (9), and ephemeranthol B (10). The major volatile components identified by HS-SPME analysis were 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, eucalyptol (11), and isobornyl formate. An HPLC analytical method for the quantification of compound 10
in the plant was developed and fully validated for selectivity,
accuracy, and precision. The microscopic studies revealed that the
epidermal tissue displayed a layer of enlarged, crenate and cell
thin-walled cells with a thickened cuticle; these cells are described
for first time for this species. The potential distribution map
generated revealed that this species is widespread in Mexico from
Sinaloa to Merida states.
Conclusions
The results of the pharmacological studies tend to support the traditional use of Cyrtopodium macrobulbon for “mal de orin”; the presence of compounds 8, 9, and 11
with known antinociceptive activity might be related with the
pharmacological effect demonstrated. The HPLC and microscopic analyses
developed in this work will be valuable tools for quality control
purposes for this plant.
Graphical abstract
Keywords
- Cyrtopodium macrobulbon;
- Orchideaceae;
- Antinociceptive;
- Ephemeranthol B;
- Crenate cells
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