April 6

April 5

1242		Russian troops repel an invasion by Teutonic knights.
1614		Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
1792		George Washington casts the first presidential veto.
1843		Queen Victoria proclaims Hong Kong a British crown colony.
1861		Gideon Welles, the Secretary of the Navy issues official orders for the USS Powhatan to sail to Fort Sumter.
1930		Mahatma Gandhi defies British law by making salt in India instead of buying it from the British.
1955		Winston Churchill resigns as British prime minister.
1986		A bomb explodes in a West Berlin disco packed with American soldiers.
Born on April 5
1588		Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (Leviathan).
1827		Joseph Lister, English physician, founded the idea of using antiseptics during surgery.
1839		Robert Smalls, black congressman from South Carolina, 1875-87.
1856		Booker T. Washington, former slave, educator, founded the Tuskegee Institute.
1858		Washington Atlee Burpee, founder of the world’s largest mail-order seed company.
1900		Spencer Tracy, actor (Adam’s Rib, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner).
1908		Bette Davis, film actress (Jezebel, All About Eve).
1916		Gregory Peck, film actor (To Kill a Mockingbird).
1917		Robert Bloch, novelist (Psycho).
1920		Arthur Hailey, novelist (Hotel, Airport).
1923		Nguyen Van Thieu, president of South Vietnam.
1937		Colin Powell, U.S. Army general, Secretary of State. Crop Protection Volume 69, March 2015, Pages 56–59 Alternative timing of carbaryl treatments for protecting lodgepole pine from mortality attributed to mountain pine beetle Christopher J. Fettiga, , , A.Steve Munsonb, Kenneth E. Gibsonc, 1 a Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA b Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 4746 South 1900 East, Ogden, UT 84403, USA c Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 7669, Missoula, MT 59807, USA Received 25 November 2014, Revised 16 December 2014, Accepted 21 December 2014, Available online 26 December 2014   doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.12.011 Get rights and content Highlights • We evaluate the efficacy of spring and fall treatments of carbaryl for protecting lodgepole pine from mountain pine beetle. • Both treatments provided two field seasons of protection. • Results from a third field season were inconclusive due to insufficient beetle pressure. Abstract Carbaryl is regarded among the most effective, economically viable, and ecologically-compatible insecticides available for protecting conifers from bark beetle attack in the western United States. Treatments are typically applied in spring prior to initiation of bark beetle flight for that year. We evaluated the efficacy of spring and fall applications for protecting individual lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud, from mortality attributed to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, the most notable forest insect pest in western North America. Both spring and fall treatments of 2.0% a.i. carbaryl (Sevin® SL) were efficacious for two field seasons, while results from a third field season were inconclusive due to insufficient beetle pressure. We discuss the implications of these and other results to the management of D. ponderosae. Keywords Bole sprays; Dendroctonus ponderosae; Pinus contorta; Tree protection Corresponding author. 1 Retired. Published by Elsevier Ltd.