Reproductive endocrine patterns and volatile urinary compounds of Arctictisbinturong: Discovering why bearcats smell like popcorn

Science of Nature

Volume 103, Issue 5-6, 1 June 2016, Article number 37

 (Article)

Greene, L.K.^ab, 

Wallen, T.W.^cf, 

Moresco, A.^dg, 

Goodwin, T.E.^c, 

Drea, C.M.^abe 

 

^a  University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
^b  Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
^c  Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, United States 

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Abstract

Members of the order Carnivora rely on urinary scent signaling, particularly for communicating about reproductive parameters. Here, we describe reproductive endocrine patterns in relation to urinary olfactory cues in a vulnerable and relatively unknown viverrid - the binturong (Arctictis binturong). Female binturongs are larger than and dominate males, and both sexes engage in glandular and urinary scent marking. Using a large (n = 33), captive population, we collected serum samples to measure circulating sex steroids via enzyme immunoassay and urine samples to assay volatile chemicals via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Male binturongs had expectedly greater androgen concentrations than did females but, more unusually, had equal estrogen concentrations, which may be linked to male deference. Males also expressed a significantly richer array of volatile chemical compounds than did females. A subset of these volatile chemicals resisted decay at ambient temperatures, potentially indicating their importance as long-lasting semiochemicals. Among these compounds was 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), which is typically produced at high temperatures by the Maillard reaction and is likely to be responsible for the binturong's characteristic popcorn aroma. 2-AP, the only compound expressed by all of the subjects, was found in greater abundance in males than females and was significantly and positively related to circulating androstenedione concentrations in both sexes. This unusual compound may have a more significant role in mammalian semiochemistry than previously appreciated. Based on these novel data, we suggest that hormonal action and potentially complex chemical reactions mediate communication of the binturong's signature scent and convey information about sex and reproductive state. © 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Author keywords

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline; Female dominance; Olfactory communication; Reproductive endocrinology; Urinary signals; Viverrid

Indexed keywords

Species Index: Arctictis binturong; Carnivora; Mammalia; Viverridae

ISSN: 00281042Source Type: Journal Original language: English

DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1361-4Document Type: Article

Publisher: Springer Verlag

Funding Details

Sponsor: Duke University
Number; Acronym; Sponsor: IOS-1021633; NSF; Duke University

References (83)

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  Drea, C.M.; University Program in Ecology, Duke University, United States; email:cdrea@duke.edu
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