Scientists studying the Amazon rain forest are tangled in a debate of nature versus nurture.
Many
ecologists tend to think that before Europeans arrived in the Americas,
the vast wilderness was pristine and untouched by humans. But several archaeologists argue that ancient civilizations once thrived in its thickets and played a role in its development.
Now,
researchers have found evidence that indigenous people may have
domesticated and cultivated Amazonian plants and trees thousands of
years ago, further supporting the idea that ancient humans helped shape
the forest.
“Large areas of the Amazon are less pristine than we may think,” said Hans ter Steege, a tropical ecologist at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the Netherlands, and an author of a paper published in Science
on Thursday. “The people who lived there before Columbus left serious
footprints that still persist in the composition as we see today.”
He
was one of more than a hundred researchers who found that domesticated
tree and palm species — like cacao, cashews, the açaí palm, the Brazil
nut and rubber — were five times more likely to dominate the modern
Amazonian forest than nondomesticated plants.
Carolina Levis,
a doctoral student at the National Institute for Amazonian Research in
Brazil and Wageningen University and Research Center in the Netherlands,
was the lead author on the study. She and her team looked at a database
from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network
containing 1,170 plots of forest. Most plots measured approximately 2.5
acres each and had previously been investigated on foot by ecologists
who counted and identified the plant species in the plots. Ms. Levis
then identified 85 domestic plants to analyze.
One
way the team determined that a plant had been domesticated was a look
at its fruit. They found, for example, some peach palms that bore fruit
weighing 200 grams, or 0.44 pounds, when the fruit grown in the wild
matured to about one gram. Several of the domesticated plants they
identified are still grown by South Americans.
Ms.
Levis compared her list of 85 plants to another database of more than
3,000 archaeological sites, including ceramics, dirt mounds and rock
paintings, dating back before the Spaniards and Portuguese arrived in
the Americas 500 years ago. The domesticated plants flourished near the
archaeological sites, far more so than nondomesticated ones.
“It’s
the first time that we show these correlations between plant species in
the forest today and archaeological finds,” she said.
The
findings suggest that either the ancient civilizations grew and
cultivated the plants, or that they purposely settled in areas that had
plants they could eat and use. Ms. Levis said she suspected that people
were domesticating the plants, although the study did not definitively
pinpoint how settlements were chosen. In some plots, more than half of
the plant life consisted of domesticated trees and palms.
Jennifer Watling,
an archaeologist at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, who was not
involved with the study, said in an email that “the large number of data
points sampled by these authors gives good reason to believe that the
distribution of domesticated species in many areas of Amazonia is
strongly linked to the actions of pre-Columbian societies.”
But Crystal McMichael,
a paleoecologist from the University of Amsterdam, said the database
comparisons were not convincing. New direct evidence, like fossils of
domesticated plants at the archaeological sites, would help advance such
theories, she said. While the study shows a potential association
between ancient people and modern forest composition, it does not
preclude the possibility that the domesticated plant patterns occurred
with more modern settlements, she said in an email.
Dr.
ter Steege disagreed. The study “changed my view of the forest,” he
said. “It’s not only the ecology or the environment that created this
forest, but also the people who lived there before.”
