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Thursday 31 December 2015

A comprehensive review of the effects of mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol

Volume 151, 1 June 2015, Pages 15–30

Highlights

Young adults who combine alcohol with energy drinks (AED) drink more and experience more related harm than other drinkers.
AED increases stimulation, offsets fatigue, and increases the urge to keep drinking relative to drinking alcohol alone.
AED does not change blood alcohol concentration, perceived intoxication or perceived impairment.
AED does not reverse alcohol-induced impairment on simple psychomotor tasks.
AED reduces alcohol-induced impairment on some but not all aspects of complex tasks.

Abstract

Background

In response to concern about whether mixing caffeinated energy drinks with alcohol (AED) increases alcohol consumption and related harm, and the role of industry in this debate, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research evidence on the effects of AED and documented industry involvement in this research.

Method

A systematic review of 6 databases. Studies must have examined the effect of consuming alcohol with energy drinks (ED) or caffeine on alcohol-related outcomes.

Results

62 studies were identified; 29 were experiments, 9 had industry ties (8 with Red Bull GmbH). Young adults who consumed AED drank more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related harm than other drinkers. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that AED led to increased alcohol consumption or altered the nature of alcohol-related harm. However, AED consumers reported that AED increased stimulation and alertness, offset fatigue from drinking, and facilitated drinking. Experimental research also found that combining ED or caffeine with alcohol increased stimulation and alertness, offset alcohol-related fatigue and increased the desire to keep drinking. It did not change BAC, perceived intoxication, perceived impairment and it did not reverse alcohol-induced impairment on simple psychomotor tasks. Combining ED/caffeine with alcohol reduced alcohol-induced impairment on some but not all aspects of complex tasks. Although few in number, studies with industry ties presented contrary evidence.

Conclusion

A growing body of evidence suggests that AED may facilitate drinking and related harms via its effects on intoxication but a causal link needs to be confirmed. The influence of industry involvement in this area of research needs to be monitored.

Keywords

  • Alcohol;
  • Energy drinks;
  • Caffeine;
  • Substance abuse

Corresponding author at: The Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Well-being, Building 62A Eggleston Road, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 612 58407; fax: +61 2 612 51558.