European Journal of Pharmacology

Volume 738, 5 September 2014, Pages 125–132

Immunopharmacology and inflammation

Antiviral activity of aloe-emodin against influenza A virus via galectin-3 up-regulation

• Shih-Wen Li^a,
• Tsuey-Ching Yang^{b, 1},
• Chien-Chen Lai^c,
• Su-Hua Huang^d,
• Jun-Ming Liao^a,
• Lei Wan^e,
• Ying-Ju Lin^e,
• Cheng-Wen Lin^{a, d, ,}

doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.028

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Abstract

Novel influenza A H7N9 virus, which emerged in 2013, and highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, identified since 2003, pose challenges to public health and necessitate quest for new anti-influenza compounds. Anthraquinone derivatives like aloe-emodin, emodin and chrysophanol, reportedly exhibit antiviral activity. This study probes their inhibitory mechanism and effect against influenza A virus. Of three anthraquinone derivatives, aloe-emodin, with a lower cytotoxicity showed concentration-dependently reducing virus-induced cytopathic effect and inhibiting replication of influenza A in MDCK cells. 50% inhibitory concentration value of aloe-emodin on virus yield was less than 0.05 μg/ml. Proteomics and Western blot of MDCK cells indicated aloe-emodin up-regulating galectin-3, and thioredoxin as well as down-regulating nucleoside diphosphate kinase A. Western blot and quantitative PCR confirmed aloe-emodin up-regulating galectin-3 expression; recombinant galectin-3 augmented expression of antiviral genes IFN-β, IFN-γ, PKR and 2׳,5׳–OAS in infected cells, agreeing with expression pattern of those treated with aloe-emodin. Galectin-3 also inhibited influenza A virus replication. Proteomic analysis of treated cells indicated galectin-3 up-regulation as one anti-influenza A virus action by aloe-emodin. Since galectin-3 exhibited cytokine-like regulatory actions via JAK/STAT pathways, aloe-emodin also restored NS1-inhibited STAT1-mediated antiviral responses in transfected cells: e.g., STAT1 phosphorylation of interferon (IFN) stimulation response element (ISRE)-driven promoter, RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and 2׳,5׳-oligoadenylate synthetase (2׳,5׳–OAS) expression. Treatment with aloe-emodin could control influenza infection in humans.

Keywords

• Influenza A virus;
• Anthraquinone;
• Aloe-emodin;
• Galectin-3

Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 4 22053366x7210; fax: +886 4 22057414.

1

Co-first author.

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