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Wynton Marsalis, Grammy-winning jazz trumpeter; presently (2013) artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0550368/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2065011/
Globetrotting: African American Athletes and Cold War Politics
2012, Pages 1-209
(Book)
University of Maryland, United States
Abstract
Throughout the Cold
War, the Soviet Union deplored the treatment of African Americans by the
U.S. government as proof of hypocrisy in the American promises of
freedom and equality. This probing history examines government attempts
to manipulate international perceptions of U.S. race relations during
the Cold War by sending African American athletes abroad on goodwill
tours and in international competitions as cultural ambassadors and
visible symbols of American values. Damion L. Thomas follows the State
Department's efforts from 1945 to 1968 to showcase prosperous African
American athletes including Jackie Robinson, Jesse Owens, and the Harlem
Globetrotters as the preeminent citizens of the African Diaspora rather
than as victims of racial oppression. With athletes in baseball, track
and field, and basketball, the government relied on figures whose fame
carried the desired message to countries where English was little
understood. However, eventually African American athletes began to
provide counter-narratives to State Department claims of American
exceptionalism, most notably with Tommie Smith and John Carlos's famous black power salute at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. © 2012 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. All rights reserved.
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