Volume 194, 1 March 2016, Pages 908–919
Highlights
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- Rubus geoides increases intracellular GSH content in AGS cells.
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- The fruit phenolics protected against H2O2 and MGO-induced damage in AGS cells.
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- The phenolic composition of Rubus geoides was analyzed by HPLC–DAD-MS.
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- The main phenolics were flavonoid glycosides with antioxidant activity.
Abstract
The Chilean raspberry Rubus geoides Sm. (Rosaceae) is a native species occurring in the Patagonia. Five R. geoides
samples were assessed for phenolic content and composition, antioxidant
activity, effect on total reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis and
protective effect against H2O2 and methylglyoxal
(MGO)-induced stress in epithelial gastric AGS cells. The
HPLC–DAD/ESI-MS profiles allowed the tentative identification of 39
phenolics including flavonol glycosides and tannins. R. geoides presented higher total phenolic and flavonoid content than Rubus idaeus. Two out of the five phenolic enriched R. geoides extracts (PEEs) exhibited better antioxidant activity than R. idaeus
in the DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays. A significant cytoprotective
activity was observed when AGS cells were pre-incubated with extracts
and subsequently challenged with H2O2 or MGO. Treatment with the PEEs increased the intracellular GSH content. R. geoides
fruit extracts may induce the activation of intracellular protection
mechanisms against oxidative and dicarbonyl-induced stress.
Abbreviations
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt;
- AGS, human gastric epithelial adenocarcinoma cells;
- CE, cyanidin equivalents;
- DAD, diode array detection;
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl;
- ESI, electrospray ionization;
- FBS, fetal bovine serum;
- FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power;
- GAE, gallic acid equivalents;
- GSH, reduced glutathione;
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography;
- IRh, isorhamnetin;
- K, kaempferol;
- MGO, methylglyoxal;
- MeOH, methanol;
- MS, mass spectrometry;
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide;
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine;
- PEE, phenolic enriched extract;
- Q, quercetin;
- QE, quercetin equivalents;
- ROS, reactive oxygen species;
- TE, trolox equivalent;
- TEAC, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity;
- TF, total flavonoids;
- TP, total phenolics;
- TPTZ, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)1,3,5-triazine;
- HHDP, hexahydroxydiphenoyl
Keywords
- Rubus geoides;
- Rosaceae;
- AGS cells;
- Methylglyoxal;
- Glutathione;
- Oxidative stress
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