Infusions of artichoke and milk thistle represent a good source of phenolic acids and flavonoids

Food and Function

Volume 6, Issue 1, 1 January 2015, Pages 56-62

Pereira, C.^ab, 

Barros, L.^a, 

Carvalho, A.M.^a, 

Santos-Buelga, C.^b, 

Ferreira, I.C.F.R.^a 

 

^a  Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Bragança, Portugal
^b  Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain 

View references (44)

Abstract

Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (milk thistle) are two herbs well-known for their efficiency in the prevention/treatment of liver injuries, among other chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize specific bioactive components, phenolic compounds, in hydromethanolic extracts but also in infusions (the most commonly used preparations) obtained from the whole plant of milk thistle and artichoke. The phenolic profiles were accessed using HPLC-DAD-MS/ESI. Infusions of both species presented higher phenolic contents than the hydromethanolic extracts. Milk thistle presented a similar phenolic composition between the two preparations, revealing only differences in the quantities obtained. Nevertheless, artichoke revealed a slightly different profile considering infusion and hydromethanolic extracts. Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide was the major flavonoid found in milk thistle, while luteolin-7-O-glucuronide was the most abundant in artichoke. Therefore, infusions of both artichoke and milk thistle represent a good source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic acids and flavonoids. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Indexed keywords

Engineering controlled terms: Organic acids

Bioactive components; Bioactive compounds; Chronic disease; Phenolic composition; Phenolic compounds; Phenolic content; Phenolic profiles; Silybum marianum

Engineering main heading: Flavonoids

Species Index: Cynara scolymus; Silybum marianum

EMTREE drug terms: antioxidant; apigenin; apigenin-7-O-glucuronide; cinnamic acid derivative; flavonoid; hydroxybenzoic acid derivative; luteolin; luteolin-7-O-glucuronide; phenolic acid; plant extract

EMTREE medical terms: artichoke; chemical structure; chemistry; comparative study; electrospray mass spectrometry; ethnopharmacology; flowering; high performance liquid chromatography; isolation and purification; Portugal; Silybum marianum; species difference; tandem mass spectrometry; traditional medicine; ultraviolet spectrophotometry

MeSH: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cinnamates; Cynara scolymus; Ethnopharmacology; Flavonoids; Flowering Tops; Hydroxybenzoates; Luteolin; Medicine, Traditional; Milk Thistle; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts; Portugal; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Medline is the source for the MeSH terms of this document.

Chemicals and CAS Registry Numbers: apigenin, 520-36-5; luteolin, 491-70-3;Antioxidants; Apigenin; apigenin-7-O-glucuronide; Cinnamates; Flavonoids; Hydroxybenzoates; Luteolin; luteolin-7-O-glucuronide; phenolic acid; Plant Extracts

ISSN: 20426496Source Type: Journal Original language: English

DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00834k PubMed ID: 25367590Document Type: Article

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

References (44)

View in search results format

• Page
 
• • Export |
  • Print |
  • E-mail |
  • Create bibliography

• 
  1

  Arts, I.C., Hollman, P.C.

  Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies.
  (2005) The American journal of clinical nutrition, 81 (1 Suppl), pp. 317S-325S. Cited 904 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  2

  Brat, P., Georgé, S., Bellamy, A., Du Chaffaut, L., Scalbert, A., Mennen, L., Arnault, N., (...), Amiot, M.J.

  Daily polyphenol intake in France from fruit and vegetables
  (2006) Journal of Nutrition, 136 (9), pp. 2368-2373. Cited 138 times.
  http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/136/9/2368
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  3

  Chirinos, R., Pedreschi, R., Rogez, H., Larondelle, Y., Campos, D.

  Phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activity in plants with nutritional and/or medicinal properties from the Peruvian Andean region
  (2013) Industrial Crops and Products, 47, pp. 145-152. Cited 14 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.02.025
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  4

  Segasothy, M., Phillips, P.A.

  Vegetarian diet: Panacea for modern lifestyle diseases?
  (1999) QJM - Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 92 (9), pp. 531-544. Cited 62 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  5

  Ruxton, C.H.S., Gardner, E.J., Walker, D.

  Can pure fruit and vegetable juices protect against cancer and cardiovascular disease too? A review of the evidence
  (2006) International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 57 (3-4), pp. 249-272. Cited 64 times.
  doi: 10.1080/09637480600858134
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  6

  Miccadei, S., Venere, D.D., Cardinali, A., Romano, F., Durazzo, A., Foddai, M.S., Fraioli, R., (...), Maiani, G.

  Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic extracts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells
  (2008) Nutrition and Cancer, 60 (2), pp. 276-283. Cited 35 times.
  doi: 10.1080/01635580801891583
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  7

  Barba, F.J., Esteve, M.J., Frígola, A.

  Bioactive components from leaf vegetable products
  (2014) Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 41, pp. 321-346. Cited 8 times.
  ISBN: 978-044463294-4
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63294-4.00011-5
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  8

  Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Polyphenols and Health. Vichy, France, November 18-21, 2004.
  (2005) The American journal of clinical nutrition, 81 (1 Suppl), pp. 215S-335S. Cited 40 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  9

  Rice-Evans, C.A., Miller, N.J.

  Antioxidant activities of flavonoids as bioactive components of food
  (1996) Biochemical Society Transactions, 24 (3), pp. 790-795. Cited 413 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  10

  Zheng, W., Wang, S.Y.

  Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs
  (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (11), pp. 5165-5170. Cited 1144 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf010697n
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  11

  Carocho, M., Ferreira, I.C.F.R.

  The role of phenolic compounds in the fight against cancer - A review
  (2013) Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 13 (8), pp. 1236-1258. Cited 28 times.
  doi: 10.2174/18715206113139990301
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  12

  Lee, J.I., Narayan, M., Barrett, J.S.

  Analysis and comparison of active constituents in commercial standardized silymarin extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
  (2007) Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 845 (1), pp. 95-103. Cited 39 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.063
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  13

  Pandino, G., Courts, F.L., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., Williamson, G.

  Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in the immature Inflorescence of globe artichoke, wild cardoon, and cultivated cardoon
  (2010) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (2), pp. 1026-1031. Cited 49 times.
  http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/jf903311j
  doi: 10.1021/jf903311j
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  14

  Wang, K., Zhang, H., Shen, L., Du, Q., Li, J.

  Rapid separation and characterization of active flavonolignans of Silybum marianum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
  (2010) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 53 (4), pp. 1053-1057. Cited 15 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.003
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  15

  Gouveia, S.C., Castilho, P.C.

  Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of cultivated artichoke, Madeira cardoon and artichoke-based dietary supplements
  (2012) Food Research International, 48 (2), pp. 712-724. Cited 19 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.05.029
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  16

  Abu-Reidah, I.M., Arraez-Roman, D., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernandez-Gutierrez, A.

  Extensive characterisation of bioactive phenolic constituents from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS
  (2013) Food Chemistry, 141 (3), pp. 2269-2277. Cited 21 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.066
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  17

  Althagafy, H.S., Graf, T.N., Sy-Cordero, A.A., Gufford, B.T., Paine, M.F., Wagoner, J., Polyak, S.J., (...), Oberlies, N.H.

  Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, and drug interaction liability of 7-O-methylated analogues of flavonolignans from milk thistle
  (2013) Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 21 (13), pp. 3919-3926. Cited 8 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.017
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  18

  Lattanzio, V., Kroon, P.A., Linsalata, V., Cardinali, A.

  Globe artichoke: A functional food and source of nutraceutical ingredients
  (2009) Journal of Functional Foods, 1 (2), pp. 131-144. Cited 138 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2009.01.002
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  19

  Calani, L., Brighenti, F., Bruni, R., Del Rio, D.

  Absorption and metabolism of milk thistle flavanolignans in humans
  (2012) Phytomedicine, 20 (1), pp. 40-46. Cited 18 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.004
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  20

  Jun, N.J., Jang, K.C., Kim, S.C., Moon, D.Y., Seong, K.C., Kang, K.H., Tandang, L., (...), Park, K.H.
  (2007) J. Appl. Biol. Chem., 50, pp. 244-248. Cited 5 times.
  

  •  
• 
  21

  Bilia, A.R., Salvini, D., Mazzi, G., Vincieri, F.F.

  Characterization of calendula flower, milk-thistle fruit, and passion flower tinctures by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS
  (2001) Chromatographia, 53 (3-4), pp. 210-215. Cited 22 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  22

  Bilia, A.R., Bergonzi, M.C., Gallori, S., Mazzi, G., Vincieri, F.F.

  Stability of the constituents of Calendula, Milk-thistle and Passionflower tinctures by LC-DAD and LC-MS
  (2002) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30 (3), pp. 613-624. Cited 50 times.
  doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00352-7
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  23

  Zhao, Y., Chen, B., Yao, S.

  Simultaneous determination of abietane-type diterpenes, flavonolignans and phenolic compounds in compound preparations of Silybum marianum and Salvia miltiorrhiza by HPLC-DAD-ESI MS
  (2005) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38 (3), pp. 564-570. Cited 28 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.01.021
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  24

  Kéki, S., Tóth, K., Zsuga, M., Ferenczi, R., Antus, S.

  (+)-Silybin, a pharmacologically active constituent of Silybum marianum: Fragmentation studies by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
  (2007) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21 (14), pp. 2255-2262. Cited 6 times.
  doi: 10.1002/rcm.3081
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  25

  Lee, J.I., Hsu, B.H., Wu, D., Barrett, J.S.

  Separation and characterization of silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin in milk thistle extract by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
  (2006) Journal of Chromatography A, 1116 (1-2), pp. 57-68. Cited 49 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.053
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  26

  Cai, X.-L., Li, D.-N., Qiao, J.-Q., Lian, H.-Z., Wang, S.-K.

  Determination of silymarin flavonoids by HPLC and LC-MS and investigation of extraction rate of silymarin in silybum marianum fruits by boiling water
  (2009) Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21 (1), pp. 63-74. Cited 7 times.
  
• 
  27

  Brinda, B.J., Zhu, H.-J., Markowitz, J.S.

  A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of the major active components of silymarin in human plasma
  (2012) Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 902, pp. 1-9. Cited 19 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.003
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  28

  Vaknin, Y., Hadas, R., Schafferman, D., Murkhovsky, L., Bashan, N.

  The potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), an Israeli native, as a source of edible sprouts rich in antioxidants
  (2008) International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59 (4), pp. 339-346. Cited 16 times.
  doi: 10.1080/09637480701554095
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  29

  Clifford, M.N., Johnston, K.L., Knight, S., Kuhnert, N.

  Hierarchical scheme for LC-MSⁿ identification of chlorogenic acids
  (2003) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51 (10), pp. 2900-2911. Cited 476 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf026187q
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  30

  Clifford, M.N., Knight, S., Kuhnert, N.

  Discriminating between the six isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid by LC-MSn
  (2005) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (10), pp. 3821-3832. Cited 251 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf050046h
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  31

  Wang, M., Simon, J.E., Aviles, I.F., He, K., Zheng, Q.-Y., Tadmor, Y.

  Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
  (2003) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51 (3), pp. 601-608. Cited 239 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf020792b
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  32

  Schütz, K., Kammerer, D., Carle, R., Schieber, A.

  Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn
  (2004) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52 (13), pp. 4090-4096. Cited 132 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf049625x
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  33

  Ferracane, R., Pellegrini, N., Visconti, A., Graziani, G., Chiavaro, E., Miglio, C., Fogliano, V.

  Effects of different cooking methods on antioxidant profile, antioxidant capacity, and physical characteristics of artichoke
  (2008) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 (18), pp. 8601-8608. Cited 52 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf800408w
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  34

  Lombardo, S., Pandino, G., Mauromicale, G., Knödler, M., Carle, R., Schieber, A.

  Influence of genotype, harvest time and plant part on polyphenolic composition of globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori]
  (2010) Food Chemistry, 119 (3), pp. 1175-1181. Cited 59 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.08.033
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  35

  Pandino, G., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., Williamson, G.

  Profile of polyphenols and phenolic acids in bracts and receptacles of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) germplasm
  (2011) Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24 (2), pp. 148-153. Cited 39 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.04.010
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  36

  Pandino, G., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., Williamson, G.

  Phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaf and floral stem of cultivated and wild Cynara cardunculus L. genotypes
  (2011) Food Chemistry, 126 (2), pp. 417-422. Cited 37 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.001
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  37

  Farag, M.A., El-Ahmady, S.H., Elian, F.S., Wessjohann, L.A.

  Metabolomics driven analysis of artichoke leaf and its commercial products via UHPLC-q-TOF-MS and chemometrics
  (2013) Phytochemistry, 95, pp. 177-187. Cited 18 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.003
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  38

  Wu, J., Qian, Y., Mao, P., Chen, L., Lu, Y., Wang, H.

  Separation and identification of phenolic compounds in canned artichoke by LC/DAD/ESI-MS using core-shell C18 column: A comparative study
  (2013) Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 927, pp. 173-180. Cited 4 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.11.026
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  39

  Sánchez-Rabaneda, F., Jáuregui, O., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., Bastida, J., Viladomat, F., Codina, C.

  Identification of phenolic compounds in artichoke waste by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
  (2003) Journal of Chromatography A, 1008 (1), pp. 57-72. Cited 88 times.
  doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00964-6
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  40

  Schütz, K., Muks, E., Carle, R., Schieber, A.

  Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in artichoke-based dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals by high-performance liquid chromatography
  (2006) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54 (23), pp. 8812-8817. Cited 24 times.
  doi: 10.1021/jf062009b
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  41

  Clifford, M.N., Wu, W., Kirkpatrick, J., Kuhnert, N.

  Profiling the chlorogenic acids and other caffeic acid derivatives of herbal chrysanthemum by LC-MSn
  (2007) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (3), pp. 929-936. Cited 111 times.
  http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf062314x
  doi: 10.1021/jf062314x
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  42

  Clifford, M.N., Zheng, W., Kuhnert, N.

  Profiling the chlorogenic acids of aster by HPLC-MSn
  (2006) Phytochemical Analysis, 17 (6), pp. 384-393. Cited 61 times.
  doi: 10.1002/pca.935
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  43

  Barros, L., Dueñas, M., Carvalho, A.M., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Santos-Buelga, C.

  Characterization of phenolic compounds in flowers of wild medicinal plants from Northeastern Portugal
  (2012) Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50 (5), pp. 1576-1582. Cited 40 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.004
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  44

  Dueñas, M., Mingo-Chornet, H., Pérez-Alonso, J.J., Di Paola-Naranjo, R., González-Paramás, A.M., Santos-Buelga, C.

  Preparation of quercetin glucuronides and characterization by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS
  (2008) European Food Research and Technology, 227 (4), pp. 1069-1076. Cited 27 times.
  doi: 10.1007/s00217-008-0821-2
  

  • View at Publisher

  Barros, L.; Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, Portugal
© Copyright 2015 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.