Realising consilience: How better communication between archaeologists, historians and natural scientists can transform the study of past climate change in the Mediterranean (Article)

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volume 136, March 15, 2016, Pages 5-22

Izdebski, A.^a , 

Holmgren, K.^bc, 

Weiberg, E.^d, 

Stocker, S.R.^e, 

Büntgen, U.^fgh, 

Florenzano, A.ⁱ, 

Gogou, A.^j, 

Leroy, S.A.G.^k, 

Luterbacher, J.^l, 

Martrat, B.^m, 

Masi, A.ⁿ, 

Mercuri, A.M.ⁱ, 

Montagna, P.^o, 

Sadori, L.ⁿ, 

Schneider, A.^p, 

Sicre, M.-A.^q, 

Triantaphyllou, M.^r, 

Xoplaki, E.^l

 

View additional authors

Retrieving additional authors...

^a  Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Institute of History, Gołebia 13, Kraków, Poland
^b  Stockholm University, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm, Sweden
^c  Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia, Greece
^d  Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Sweden
^e  University of Cincinnati, Department of Classics, United States
^f  Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
^g  Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research OCCR, Bern, Switzerland
^h  Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
ⁱ  Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Italy
^j  Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Anavyssos, Greece
^k  Brunel University London, Institute for the Environment, United Kingdom
^l  Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Department of Geography, Giessen, Germany
^m  Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Barcelona, Spain
ⁿ  Università di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Italy
^o  Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Bologna, Italy
^p  UC-San Diego, Department of Anthropology, United States
^q  Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire d'oceanographie et du Climat: experimentation et approches numeriques (LOCEAN), Paris, France
^r  University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Greece

View additional affiliations

Retrieving additional affiliations...

View references (175)

Abstract

This paper reviews the methodological and practical issues relevant to the ways in which natural scientists, historians and archaeologists may collaborate in the study of past climatic changes in the Mediterranean basin. We begin by discussing the methodologies of these three disciplines in the context of the consilience debate, that is, attempts to unify different research methodologies that address similar problems. We demonstrate that there are a number of similarities in the fundamental methodology between history, archaeology, and the natural sciences that deal with the past ("palaeoenvironmental sciences"), due to their common interest in studying societal and environmental phenomena that no longer exist. The three research traditions, for instance, employ specific narrative structures as a means of communicating research results. We thus present and compare the narratives characteristic of each discipline; in order to engage in fruitful interdisciplinary exchange, we must first understand how each deals with the societal impacts of climatic change. In the second part of the paper, we focus our discussion on the four major practical issues that hinder communication between the three disciplines. These include terminological misunderstandings, problems relevant to project design, divergences in publication cultures, and differing views on the impact of research. Among other recommendations, we suggest that scholars from the three disciplines should aim to create a joint publication culture, which should also appeal to a wider public, both inside and outside of academia. © 2015 The Authors.

Author keywords

Archaeology; Climate change; Consilience; History; Interdisciplinary collaboration; Mediterranean; Natural sciences; Palaeoecology

Indexed keywords

Engineering controlled terms: History; Natural sciences

Archaeology; Consilience; Interdisciplinary collaborations; Mediterranean; Palaeoecology

Engineering main heading: Climate change

ISSN: 02773791 CODEN: QSREDSource Type: Journal Original language: English

DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.038Document Type: Article

Publisher: Elsevier Ltd

View references (175)

References (175)

View in search results format

• Page
• |

• 
  1

  Alcock, S.E., Cherry, J.F.
  (2004) Side-by-side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World. Cited 86 times.
  Oxbow Books, Oxford
  

  •  
• 
  2

  Ankersmit, F.
  Six theses on narrativist philosophy of historiography
  (1994) History and Tropology: the Rise and Fall of Metaphor, pp. 33-44. Cited 9 times.
  University of California Press, Berkeley
  

  •  
• 
  3

  Ankersmit, F.
  The linguistic turn, literary theory and historical theory
  (2000) Historia, 45, pp. 271-311. Cited 3 times.
  

  •  
• 
  4

  Arikan, B., Balossi Restelli, F., Masi, A.
  The Bronze Age comparative modeling of the surface processes and land use in the Malatya Plain (Turkey)
  (2015) Quat. Sci. Rev.
  (in this issue)
  

  •  
• 
  5

  Arikan, B.

  Macrophysical Climate Modeling, economy, and social organization in Early Bronze Age Anatolia
  (2014) Journal of Archaeological Science, 43 (1), pp. 38-54. Cited 5 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.008
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  6

  Asouti, E., Austin, P.

  Reconstructing woodland vegetation and its exploitation by past societies, based on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological wood charcoal macro-remains
  (2005) Environmental Archaeology, 10 (1), pp. 1-18. Cited 78 times.
  
• 
  7

  Bakker, J., Paulissen, E., Kaniewski, D., de Laet, V., Verstraeten, G., Waelkens, M.

  Man, vegetation and climate during the Holocene in the territory of Sagalassos, Western Taurus Mountains, SW Turkey
  (2012) Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 21 (4-5), pp. 249-266. Cited 13 times.
  http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00334/index.htm
  doi: 10.1007/s00334-011-0312-4
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  8

  Balée, W.

  The research program of historical ecology
  (2006) Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, pp. 75-98. Cited 132 times.
  ISBN: 0824319354; 978-082431935-9
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123231
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  9

  Beloch, K.J.
  (1937) Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens. Cited 17 times.
  Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
  

  •  
• 
  10

  Berglund, B.E.

  Human impact and climate changes - Synchronous events and a causal link?
  (2003) Quaternary International, 104, pp. 7-12. Cited 127 times.
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  11

  Bollfrass, A., Shaver, A.
  The effects of temperature on political violence: global evidence at the Subnational level
  (2015) PLoS One
  

  •  
• 
  12

  Bottema, S., Zeist, W.V., Entjes-Nieborg, G.
  (1990) Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. Cited 33 times.
  AABalkema, Rotterdam, (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  13

  Bowes, K., Mercuri, A.M., Rattighieri, E., Rinaldi, R., Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, A., Ghisleni, M., Grey, C., (...), Vaccaro, E.

  Palaeoenvironment and land use of Roman peasant farmhouses in southern Tuscany
  (2015) Plant Biosystems, 149 (1), pp. 174-184. Cited 2 times.
  www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/11263504.asp
  doi: 10.1080/11263504.2014.992997
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  14

  Boyer, P., Roberts, N., Baird, D.

  Holocene environment and settlement on the Çarşamba alluvial fan, south-central Turkey: Integrating geoarchaeology and archaeological field survey
  (2006) Geoarchaeology, 21 (7), pp. 675-698. Cited 33 times.
  doi: 10.1002/gea.20133
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  15

  Braudel, F.
  (1949) La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II. Cited 404 times.
  Colin, Paris
  

  •  
• 
  16

  Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., Von Storch, H., Luterbacher, J.

  Historical climatology in Europe - The state of the art
  (2005) Climatic Change, 70 (3), pp. 363-430. Cited 303 times.
  doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  17

  Brázdil, R., Dobrovolný, P., Luterbacher, J., Moberg, A., Pfister, C., Wheeler, D., Zorita, E.

  European climate of the past 500 years: New challenges for historical climatology
  (2010) Climatic Change, 101 (1), pp. 7-40. Cited 74 times.
  doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9783-z
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  18

  Broodbank, C.
  (2013) The Making of the Middle Sea: a History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. Cited 30 times.
  Thames & Hudson, London
  

  •  
• 
  19

  Buhaug, H., Nordkvelle, J., Bernauer, T., Böhmelt, T., Brzoska, M., Busby, J.W., Ciccone, A., (...), von Uexkull, N.

  One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict
  (2014) Climatic Change, 127 (3-4), pp. 391-397. Cited 23 times.
  www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0165-0009
  doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1266-1
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  20

  Bulliet, R.W.
  (2009) Cotton, climate, and camels in early Islamic Iran: a moment in world history. Cited 33 times.
  Columbia University Press, New York; Chichester
  

  •  
• 
  21

  Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J.O., (...), Esper, J.

  2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility
  (2011) Science, 331 (6017), pp. 578-582. Cited 300 times.
  http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6017/578.full.pdf
  doi: 10.1126/science.1197175
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  22

  Burke, E.
  Ronnie Ellenblum. The collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: climate change and the decline of the East, 950-1072
  (2013) Am. Hist. Rev., 118, p. 1286. Cited 2 times.
  

  •  
• 
  23

  Butzer, K.W.

  Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: Cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion
  (2005) Journal of Archaeological Science, 32 (12), pp. 1773-1800. Cited 138 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.06.001
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  24

  Butzer, K.W.

  Challenges for a cross-disciplinary geoarchaeology: The intersection between environmental history and geomorphology
  (2008) Geomorphology, 101 (1-2), pp. 402-411. Cited 27 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.007
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  25

  Butzer, K.W.

  Collapse, environment, and society
  (2012) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109 (10), pp. 3632-3639. Cited 72 times.
  http://www.pnas.org/content/109/10/3632.full.pdf+html
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114845109
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  26

  Caseldine, C.J., Turney, C.

  The bigger picture: Towards integrating palaeoclimate and environmental data with a history of societal change
  (2010) Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (1), pp. 88-93. Cited 29 times.
  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122670992/PDFSTART
  doi: 10.1002/jqs.1337
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  27

  Cleland, C.E.

  Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science
  (2002) Philosophy of Science, 69 (3), pp. 474-496. Cited 113 times.
  doi: 10.1086/342453
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  28

  Cooper, J., Peros, M.

  The archaeology of climate change in the Caribbean
  (2010) Journal of Archaeological Science, 37 (6), pp. 1226-1232. Cited 12 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.022
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  29

  Cornell, S., Costanza, R., Sörlin, S., van der Leeuw, S.

  Developing a systematic " science of the past" to create our future
  (2010) Global Environmental Change, 20 (3), pp. 426-427. Cited 22 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.005
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  30

  Cremaschi, M., Mercuri, A.M., Torri, P., Florenzano, A., Pizzi, C., Marchesini, M., Zerboni, A.
  Climate change versus land management in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) during the Bronze Age: new insights from the VP/VG sequence of the Terramara Santa Rosa di Poviglio
  (2015)
  (in this issue).
  

  •  
• 
  31

  Cronon, W.

  Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England.
  (1983) Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England., p. 241. Cited 905 times.
  ISBN: 0809034050; 0809001586
  
• 
  32

  Crumley, C.L.
  (1994) Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. Cited 189 times.
  School of American Research Press, Santa Fe
  

  •  
• 
  33

  Cullen, H.M., De Menocal, P.B., Hemming, S., Brown, F.H., Guilderson, T., Sirocko, F.

  Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea
  (2000) Geology, 28 (4), pp. 379-382. Cited 283 times.
  doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<379:CCATCO>2.0.CO;2
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  34

  Dalfes, H.N., Kukla, G., Weiss, H.
  (1997) Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Cited 78 times.
  Springer, Berlin, (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  35

  Davis, D.K.
  Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa
  (2007) Ohio University Press Series in Ecology and History. Cited 109 times.
  Ohio University Press, Athens
  

  •  
• 
  36

  DeMenocal, P.B.

  Cultural responses to climate change during the late holocene
  (2001) Science, 292 (5517), pp. 667-673. Cited 458 times.
  doi: 10.1126/science.1059827
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  37

  Ellenblum, R.
  (2012) The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950-1072. Cited 18 times.
  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  

  •  
• 
  38

  Epstein, S.R.

  An island for itself: economic development and social change in late medieval Sicily
  (1992) An island for itself: economic development and social change in late medieval Sicily, p. 462. Cited 43 times.
  ISBN: 0521385180
  
• 
  39

  Fan, K.-W.

  Climatic change and dynastic cycles in Chinese history: A review essay
  (2010) Climatic Change, 101 (3), pp. 565-573. Cited 13 times.
  doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9702-3
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  40

  Finné, M.
  (2014) Climate in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Holocene and beyond - a Peloponnesian Perspective. Cited 2 times.
  Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden, Dissertation No. 45
  

  •  
• 
  41

  Finné, M., Holmgren, K., Sundqvist, H.S., Weiberg, E., Lindblom, M.

  Climate in the eastern Mediterranean, and adjacent regions, during the past 6000 years - A review
  (2011) Journal of Archaeological Science, 38 (12), pp. 3153-3173. Cited 69 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.007
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  42

  Folke, C.

  Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses
  (2006) Global Environmental Change, 16 (3), pp. 253-267. Cited 1400 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  43

  Folland, C.K., Karl, T.R., Christy, J.R., Clarke, R.A., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J., Mann, M.E., (...), Wang, S.W.
  Observed climate variability and change
  (2001) Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 99-181. Cited 495 times.
  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, C.A. Johnson (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  44

  Frankopan, P.
  Review of Ellenblum, the collapse of the eastern Mediterranean
  (2013) Hist. Today, 63 (2). Cited 2 times.
  

  •  
• 
  45

  Frodeman, R.

  Geological reasoning: geology as an interpretive and historical science
  (1995) Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107 (8), pp. 960-968. Cited 154 times.
  doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0960:GRGAAI>2.3.CO
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  46

  Fuchs, M.

  An assessment of human versus climatic impacts on Holocene soil erosion in NE Peloponnese, Greece
  (2007) Quaternary Research, 67 (3), pp. 349-356. Cited 41 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2006.11.008
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  47

  Geyer, B., Lefort, J.
  (2003) La Bithynie au moyen âge, Réalités byzantines
  Lethielleux, Paris, (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  48

  Goffredo, S., Dubinsky, Z.
  (2014) The Mediterranean Sea: its History and Present Challenges. Cited 3 times.
  Springer, Dordrecht, (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  49

  Grove, A.T., Rackham, O.
  (2003) The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: an Ecological History. Cited 511 times.
  Yale University Press, New Haven
  

  •  
• 
  50

  Guldi, J., Armitage, D.
  (2014) The History Manifesto. Cited 51 times.
  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  

  •  
• 
  51

  Gunderson, L.H., Holling, C.S.
  (2002) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Cited 2083 times.
  Island Press, Washington, (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  52

  Haldon, J., Roberts, N., Izdebski, A., Fleitmann, D., McCormick, M., Cassis, M., Doonan, O., (...), Xoplaki, E.

  The climate and environment of Byzantine Anatolia: Integrating science, history, and archaeology
  (2014) Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 45 (2), pp. 113-161. Cited 10 times.
  http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/jinh
  doi: 10.1162/JINH_a_00682
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  53

  Harris, W.V.
  (2013) The Ancient Mediterranean. Environment between Science and History. Cited 4 times.
  Brill, Leiden, (Ed.)
  

  •  
• 
  54

  Hassan, F.A.
  Environmental perception and human responses in history and prehistory
  (2000) Historical Ecology Series, 121-140
  Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA, R.J. McIntosh, J.A. Tainter, S.K. McIntosh (Eds.) The Way the Wind Blows
  

  •  
• 
  55

  Hassan, F.A.
  Human agency, climate change and culture: an archaeological perspective
  (2008) Anthropology and Climate Change: from Encounters to Action, (Walnut Creek, Calif.), pp. 39-69. Cited 17 times.
  S.A. Crate, M. Nuttall (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  56

  Haug, G.H., Günther, D., Peterson, L.C., Sigman, D.M., Hughen, K.A., Aeschlimann, B.

  Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization
  (2003) Science, 299 (5613), pp. 1731-1735. Cited 420 times.
  doi: 10.1126/science.1080444
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  57

  Hodder, I.
  (2012) Archaeological Theory Today. Cited 55 times.
  Polity, Cambridge, (Ed.)
  

  •  
• 
  58

  Holmgren, K., Sicre, M.-A., Gogou, A., Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J.
  Mediterranean Holocene climate and human societies. Workshop report
  (2014) Past. Glob. Chang. Mag., 22, p. 54. Cited 2 times.
  

  •  
• 
  59

  Horden, P., Purcell, N.
  (2000) The Corrupting Sea: a Study of Mediterranean History. Cited 790 times.
  Blackwell, Oxford
  

  •  
• 
  60

  Horden, P., Purcell, N.

  The mediterranean and "the new thalassology"
  (2006) American Historical Review, 111 (3), pp. 722-740. Cited 58 times.
  doi: 10.1086/ahr.111.3.722
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  61

  Hsiang, S.M., Burke, M., Miguel, E.

  Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict
  (2013) Science, 341 (6151), art. no. 1235367. Cited 137 times.
  http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6151/1235367.full.pdf
  doi: 10.1126/science.1235367
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  62

  Hughes, J.D.
  (1993) Pan's Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Cited 105 times.
  Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
  

  •  
• 
  63

  Inkpen, R.

  The Philosophy of Geology
  (2009) A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography, pp. 318-329.
  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781444304916
  ISBN: 978-140514908-2
  doi: 10.1002/9781444304916.ch28
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  64

  Izdebski, A.
  (2011) Why did Agriculture Flourish in the Late Antique East? The Role of Climate Fluctuations in the Development and Contraction of Agriculture in Asia Minor and the Middle East from the 4th till the 7th c. AD. Millenium, pp. 291-312.
  Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr. 8
  

  •  
• 
  65

  Izdebski, A.
  Konwergencja nauk przyrodniczych i historycznych: teoretyczny potencjał i praktyczne trudności
  (2014) Hist. Stud. Metodol., 44.
  

  •  
• 
  66

  Izdebski, A., Pickett, J., Roberts, N., Waliszewski, T.

  The environmental, archaeological and historical evidence for regional climatic changes and their societal impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean in Late Antiquity
  (2016) Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, pp. 189-208. Cited 2 times.
  http://www.journals.elsevier.com/quaternary-science-reviews/
  doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.022
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  67

  Janssen, E., Overpeck, J., Briffa, K.R., Duplessy, J.C., Joos, F., Masson-Delmotte, V., Olago, D., (...), Zhang, D.
  Palaeoclimate
  (2007) Climate Change 2007: the Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.)
  

  •  
• 
  68

  Jeftic, L., Milliman, J.D., Sestini, G.

  Climatic change and the Mediterranean. Environmental and societal impacts of climatic change and sea-level rise in the Mediterranean region
  (1992) Climatic change and the Mediterranean. Environmental and societal impacts of climatic change and sea-level rise in the Mediterranean region, p. 673. Cited 25 times.
  ISBN: 0340553294
  
• 
  69

  Kaniewski, D., Van Campo, E., Guiot, J., Le Burel, S., Otto, T., Baeteman, C.

  Environmental Roots of the Late Bronze Age Crisis
  (2013) PLoS ONE, 8 (8), art. no. e71004. Cited 28 times.
  http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=D3145D5A9DA440B78145B2EEFECBAAD8?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0071004&representation=PDF
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071004
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  70

  Kaplan, M.
  (1992) Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: propriété et exploitation du sol. Cited 62 times.
  Publications de la Sorbonne, Paris
  

  •  
• 
  71

  Kaptijn, E., Poblome, J., Vanhaverbeke, H., Bakker, J., Waelkens, M.

  Societal changes in the Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine periods. Results from the Sagalassos Territorial Archaeological Survey 2008 (southwest Turkey)
  (2013) Anatolian Studies, 63, pp. 75-95. Cited 5 times.
  doi: 10.1017/S0066154613000057
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  72

  Kennett, D.J., Breitenbach, S.F.M., Aquino, V.V., Asmerom, Y., Awe, J., Baldini, J.U.L., Bartlein, P., (...), Haug, G.H.

  Development and disintegration of maya political systems in response to climate change
  (2012) Science, 338 (6108), pp. 788-791. Cited 98 times.
  http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6108/788.full.pdf
  doi: 10.1126/science.1226299
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  73

  Kleinhans, M.G., Buskes, C.J.J., De Regt, H.W.

  Terra incognita: Explanation and reduction in earth science
  (2005) International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 19 (3), pp. 289-317. Cited 33 times.
  doi: 10.1080/02698590500462356
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  74

  Koder, J.
  Historical aspects of a recession of cultivated land at the end of the late antiquity in the east Mediterranean
  (1994) Evaluation of Land Surfaces Cleared from Forests in the Mediterranean Region during the Time of the Roman Empire, Paläoklimaforschung, pp. 157-167. Cited 3 times.
  Fischer, Stuttgart
  

  •  
• 
  75

  Kovats, R.S., Valentini, R., Bouwer, L.M., Georgopoulou, E., Jacob, D., Martin, E., Rounsevell, M., (...), Soussana, J.-F.
  Europe
  (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 1267-1326. Cited 15 times.
  [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
  

  •  
• 
  76

  Lane, C.S., Horn, S.P., Kerr, M.T.

  Beyond the Mayan Lowlands: Impacts of the Terminal Classic Drought in the Caribbean Antilles
  (2014) Quaternary Science Reviews, 86, pp. 89-98. Cited 12 times.
  doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.12.017
  

  • View at Publisher
• 
  77

  Latour, B.
  (1999) Pandora's Hope. Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cited 2410 times.
  Harvard University Press, Cambridge
  

  •  
• 
  78

  Le Roy Ladurie, E.
  (1967) Histoire du climat depuis l'an mil. Cited 193 times.
  Flammarion, Paris
  

  •  
• 
  79

  Le Roy Ladurie, E., Daux, V., Luterbacher, J.
  Le climat de Bourgogne et d'ailleurs XIVe-XXe siècle
  (2006) Hist. Econ. Soc. (HES), 3, pp. 421-436. Cited 13 times.
  

  •  
• 
  80

  Lemmen, C., Wirtz, K.W.

  On the sensitivity of the simulated European Neolithic transition to climate extremes
  (2014) Journal of Archaeological Science, 51, pp. 65-72. Cited 7 times.
  http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/6/2/2/8/5/4/index.htt
  doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.023
  

  • View at Publisher

  Izdebski, A.; Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Institute of History, Gołebia 13, Poland; email:adam.izdebski@fundusz.org
© Copyright 2016 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.